Changes wrought by the Internet Essay

The Internet changes all that. For years now, even low-level employees have been able to reach their leaders simply by writing an e-mail, but increasingly, employees are actually able to organize on company blogs, wikis, online forums and even social networking sites, to give their messages urgency and heft. http://www.businessmirror.com.ph/0613&142008/perspective03.html _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ In the old days, layers of management filtered out too many good ideas from below, but they also filtered out nattering. In the era of Internet communities, leaders will have to find, largely on their own, ways to process the good and the bad alike. A second important change wrought by the Internet concerns the leader’s critical responsibility to see around corners—to anticipate coming economic events and market trends and adjust for them. In the past, such foresight came from a mixture of intelligence, experience, good advice and as much data as you could reasonably get your hands on. Obviously, the change rests with the last of these: The Internet, with its bloggers, user communities, newsletters and the like, can drown you in data about customers and competitors, not to mention everything else under the sun. Some data is totally useful, some total nonsense. _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Mojica also believes that Internet-related services will enrich the customer’s overall experience. He said the market at the top tier is basically saturated with over 95-percent market penetration. So the only way for telecommunications companies to compete is to increase the value of the customers’ experience because â€Å"they want something more stimulating.† â€Å"Customers want to express themselves, their individuality,† he said, adding that Smart is merely providing choices for the customers. He added that by making these Internet services available, Smart is allowing customers access to means of enriching their cell-phone experience and at the same time make the Smart Buddy brand name more relevant to Internet users. Danilo Mojica, Smart’s director of wireless consumer division JUNE 6 & 7, 2008 _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ One of the chief concerns we are hearing lately, from most entrepreneurs and businesses is their frustration with the slow progress of e-commerce in the Philippines. One reason for this drawback is the lack of a useful and economical payment gateway that can enable business owners to accept credit card payments directly from their website. We would like to let you know that we were able to address this issue. Whether you are starting or expanding your business, we are here to guide you through the process. How can e-leaguers help improve my business? e-leaguers offers its clients the following main services Website Design and development- e-leaguers provides our clients with a kind of website that suits their business’ needs and requirements. We will create website designs based on how the client envisions his/her company to be viewed by visitors. In other words, we will deliver what a client needs while offering technical and aesthetic expertise. Website Maintenance and Hosting – e-leaguers will make sure that their website will be visible online 24/7 with none of the usual complaints such as redirection of website addresses, erratic and sometimes undetectable website presence, poor search engine optimization and high web hosting fees. Online Payment Gateway- Now, entrepreneurs can start accepting credit card or debit card payments online. e-leaguers will be the one in-charge of integrating the payment system to a clients’ website. As soon as the â€Å"add to cart â€Å" buttons and html codes are in place, clients make a test purchase to get a feel of how the process goes. Domain Name Registration – A client’s website will be published under his/her own company name or any website name he/she chooses. Using top level domain names such as .com .net .org, a website can be easily crawled on major search engines on the internet and can be clearly viewed anytime with no hassles entailed. Setting up of personal emails –clients will be guaranteed to have personal emails at their own chose domain name. (ex. you@companyname.com) Free Update Services – update services are defined as editing or deleting text content, photos or products. These specified Update Service are Free and the will be performed by e-leaguers for one whole year from the date a contract is signed. Technical and Customer Support – e-leaguers provides email and phone support to all clients. We address all concerns regarding our clients’ websites with no delay or excuses. How can my online business benefit from the online payment gateway? It is good for almost all types and sizes of business. It is open for business 24/7. It is the store that never closes. Even the sales reports are available online, 24/7. There are no set-up fees and no monthly fees. It has very low transaction and processing rates You’ll have a wide customer base, both locally and worldwide, by offering credit card and debit card payment options. Is has a secured and quick order and payment processing and settlement. http://ph.88db.com/ph/Knowledge/Knowledge_Detail.page?kid=292 _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________   

Colorism: Black People and Skin Color

Growing up as a youth being in an interracial family, I always experienced prejudice whether it was inside my home or out on the street. My father was an African-American, his family was accepting but all could see that they praised the fact that my skin was 5-6 shades lighter than that of my other cousins. This of course caused unresolved issues, issues that couldn’t and wouldn’t be talked about among us as children, but later on became deep conversation filled with tears and understanding because we were finally able to get from under the stigma that our parents were engulfed in because their parents had subjected them to the same treatment. While on the other hand, my mother’s side of the family is Irish, German, and Indian. They despised the fact that my father was an African-American man. I would hear my mother’s mother talk badly of my father. She even went as far as not to allow my father in her home. She was the hardest on me out of all the grand children when it came to disciplining us, because my father’s skin tone was that of a black man. They also tended to favor my mother’s eldest daughter because her father wasn’t an African-American. As a child growing up I experienced both positive and negative feedback for my skin color. But I must say that it was about 85% positive when not in the presence of my mother’s mother. Note I don’t say grandmother because she was hardly ever a grandmother toward s me, just because my skin color was that of a black girl, while my cousins were mostly fair skinned. Colorism in the United States is a stigma that won’t get lifted because of what slavery has embedded in the minds of African-Americans. According to wikipedia. com, Colorism is defined as a â€Å"Black-on-Black racism, based on skin-tone. † The discrimination is based on the idea that a person's worth is directly related to the color of his or her skin, valuing lighter tones over darker tones. It's commonly known that Colorism plagued the Black community after slavery and through the early to mid-twentieth century. In the early 1900's, many black organizations, including colleges, practiced the â€Å"brown paper bag test† when accepting new members. If a person's skin was not lighter than a brown paper bag, they would be denied admittance. Though the brown paper bag test is out of date and frowned upon as a shameful moment in African-American history, the ideals behind the practice still lingers in the African-American community. Modern-day Colorism rears its ugly head in the day to day lives of African-Americans every day. This issue has affected every hue or shade of blackness within the African-American community. In â€Å"The Color Complex† by Midge Wilson, Wilson addresses the issue by tracing the origin of Colorism, â€Å"To trace the origins of the color complex, we must return to the year 1607 when three ships sailed in Chesapeake Bay, stopping at Jamestown, Virginia, to establish the first English colony in the New World†¦.. It was a new land and a new era filled with possibilities. What might have been unthinkable in Europe and Africa was an everyday occurrence in the wilderness. Miscegenation, or race mixing, became widespread as Europeans, Africans, and Native Americans mixed their seed and substance to produce a kaleidoscope of skin tones and features. But these primary race groupings differed sharply in their civil liberties and political freedoms. Subtle variations in appearance took on enormous consequence in meaning, especially among Negros,† (Wilson, pg. 9). With the emphasis of color being placed in the forefront of the black community, blacks have let this issue set the stage for ignorance for over four hundred years. The effects of these actions have trickled down into some of the most prominent black organizations that define our community and our blackness, such as the NAACP, Jack and Jill, Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority, Kappa Alpha Psi Fraternity, Alpha Phi Alpha Fraternity, and etc. It is no secret that these types of organizations were created in order to create a faux safe haven for the wealth of the light-skinned mulattos. In the early years these organizations were called Blue Vein societies, because in order to quote â€Å"belong,† the test of how light you were was could you see your blue veins through your skin? And if they could, you were in. Works Cited â€Å"Colorism. † Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. 1 Nov 2009, 22:52 UTC. 2 Nov 2009 . Wilson, Midge, Russell Kathy. The Color Complex: The Politics of Skin Color Among African Americans. New York: Harcourt Publishers, 1992.

Liu Bolin?”the Invisible Art, the Repeat and the Lost

Bridge: Critical Reading & Writing Assignment Liu Bolin†the Invisible Art, the Repeat and the Lost Liu Bolin, a Chinese artist who has mastered the power of invisibility and successfully used it to gain an international reputation. As the most known â€Å"invisible man†, Liu Bolin stands out by blending in. The Invisible Man includes controversial photographs such as the image of Liu Bolin's face replacing that of Mao's in Tiananmen Square, Beijing, and several scenes against iconic Chinese national monuments like the Temple of Heaven and famed Nine Dragon Wall (hiding in the ity series).Coming after the fame from â€Å"Hiding in the City' series, Liu Bolin continued using exactly the same form to work on photographs of hiding in different cities, such as â€Å"Hiding in New York†, â€Å"Hiding in California†, and â€Å"Hiding in Italy'. Even Though Liu Bolin's â€Å"The Invisible Man† series has won accolades for the art powerhouses and there is p raise all over the international media, almost all of his photographs essentially repeat the same techniques and concepts, and protest the history, culture and pride of his own country. The Infinite RepeatArtist Liu Bolin began his â€Å"Hiding in the City† series in 2005, after Chinese police destroyed Suo Jia Cun, the Beijing artists' village in which he'd been working. With the help of assistants, he painstakingly painted his clothes, face, and hair to blend into the background of a demolished studio. Since then, the so-called â€Å"Invisible Man† has photographed himself fading into a variety of backgrounds all over Beijing and many other cities. Spot him embedded in a Cultural Revolution slogan painted on a wall, or spy him within tiers of supermarket shelves stocked with soft drinks.The process of all these works has never been changed since 2005: Liu stands still for hours as his assistants paint him to match his surroundings, which helps him to disappear in the scene. And things became even meaningless when Liu Bolin blended himself in New York, California and Europe. He is Just a tourist, who takes pictures as he travels in different city, but invisible as people always see in this works. When I'm looking at Liu Bolin's art works in the exhibition at Eli Klein Fine Art, New York, I feel like I was lingering in a small circle and could not get out.I was drowned in the numerous fell-alike photos, which have extremely similar backgrounds, scenes, mood, colors, subjects, and the same person†Liu Bolin, who is the artist himself. In the series Dragon Panel, there are nine photographs of Liu Bolin blending into the colored wall witn traditional Chinese dragon sculptures . Besides the ditterent colors of the paint coating and the movements of the dragons, which is literally not the point, all of these photos have the same perspective, same lights, same size and same Liu Bolin blending in at the same position in each photo.It's really easy to tell that many of his works are Just repeat of himself. He painted himself to fade in the magazine rack in Beijing (2011) and New York (2013). If I have to say there is something different, it would be the languages on the magazines when people look at the photos very close. Super market seems like another inspired place for Liu Bolin as he painted himself so many times to blend in soft drinks, fast noodles, toys, and vegetables†¦ which happened in different years since 2009. There is a photo named â€Å"in front of red flag† (2006) caught my eyes in which he is blending in ChineseNational Flag. Not surprised to me, in 2007, he blended three families, which look similar, into the same background†the Chinese national flag, and named those work â€Å"family'. At the same year, he created another work using American national flag and named it â€Å"American National flag†. Single countries can't satisfy Liu, in 2008, he created another work name â€Å"UN f lag† using the UN flag. A few examples â€Å"Hiding in the City' series, the Dragon Panel 2010, 4 of 9: Magazine Rack, form â€Å"Hiding in New York† 2013 and â€Å"Hiding in the City' 2011: Super Market from â€Å"Hiding in the City' series 2011, 2010, and 2009:Cereal, Made in China, and Panda, â€Å"Hiding in New York† series 2013: In front of Red Flag and Family, â€Å"Hidng in the City' series 2006, 2007: The American National Flag and the UN flag, â€Å"Hidng in the City' 2007 and 2008: The very important part of Liu Bolin's works is silently against the iconic Chinese national monuments like the Temple of Heaven, the Great Wall, the Palace Museum and famed Nine Dragon Wall (hiding in the city series). He had photographed himself to all over the scenic spots and historical sites where represents the time-honored istory and culture of China and are the treasure and pride for an ancient civilization.The concept is as still as the form, he wants to compel people to ponder the contentious relationship between the individual and society by silently commenting on modern sociopolitical conditions in China, because â€Å"l was a meaningless person, according to society,† Liu says. By repeating the same techniques and subjects in almost all of his photographs, Liu Bolin is well playing the â€Å"hero† of opening â€Å"China's national identity' and at the same time for tacit protest against the government, which Just caters to the values of the estern world.It's actually not a new trick to capture the attention of art moguls, spectators and critics for some artists who cannot get social recognition by the mainstream culture in their countries or communities. Recently, this â€Å"invisible man† who cannot even speak a complete sentence in English seems like living a pretty good life out of his country. In most of the interviews, Liu expresses so many times about how hard it is for people like him to survive in China an d his meaningless position in that society.However, as long as I was born in China nd raised there for twenty years, his experience most sounds like a story of a typical loser who got above himself with advanced degrees but has no ability to adapt to the real world after graduation. Just as what he said in an interview (his words were translated), â€Å"after graduating from school, for a long time I had no family, no Job and no love in my life. During those four years without love and income, I felt I had been dumped by this society and that I had no position within it. I was meaningless in this environment.

UK Climate Change Policy and Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

UK Climate Change Policy and Law - Essay Example Recent initiatives, however, have expressed particular interest in this rapidly emerging global issue. Aside from the United States and Canada, the United Kingdom has been continuously pushing efforts in making its effects known and be heard. Together with its various concerned agencies, the United Kingdom has been devising ways and means in providing research and development on climate change, as well as in implementing laws and policies that would alleviate, if not fully eradicate this global issue. At this point in time, the question now lies on whether these policies and laws would be effective enough in effecting change, not only in the United Kingdom, but as well as in the entire world. This paper is aimed at discussing the issue, as well as the policies and laws related to climate change. In the end, it is hoped that this essay would shed some light on some key issues on climate change, and as to how it would affect in the long run.

Direct and digital marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Direct and digital marketing - Essay Example st 10 years, usage of this technique has increased and the cause of this increase is; lower capabilities of mass marketing in targeting and segmentation of relevant audience as compared to direct marketing and technological advancement (Nash, Sabin, & Kornbluth, 2000).Direct marketing is about reaching directly to existing and potential customers. Direct marketers do marketing of their products by making phone calls and by sending e-mail messages. Direct marketing is always about using aggressive tactics. Direct marketers’ objective is to contact, place, offer, and make incentive-based information available to target markets (Chiang, Chhajed, &Hess, 2003). It is different from other marketing methods because direct marketers target selected individuals for sending information related to product and its new offerings and these people will be the respondents. Responses can be an inquiry, purchase, or referrals (Keilhacker, 2000).Dell Computers, Readers Digest, Amazon, Credit, an d Charge Card Companies and Time-Life Books are examples of direct marketing (Bird, 2007). Technological advancement is not a new chapter and is known by every organization and marketers. With the change of time and technology, marketing activities has also been changed. Technological advancement has a great impact on marketing activities. Direct marketing has become digital marketing, and people are much aware of their required products’ availability than ever. Everybody has access to the internet through personal computers, mobiles, tablets, and laptops. Customers can access their required information from anywhere in office, home, either outside of the country or even in far more villages. Direct marketers have an immediate response from their customers due to technological advancement. Credit and card charge companies are examples of advanced direct marketing; for example, when people make a purchase through cards their transactions are completed through the mail and the relation

Hugh Hefner Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Hugh Hefner - Essay Example Launched in 1953, the magazine's objective was centered on explicit sexuality. Playboy Enterprises (2000) Hefner has been known as the vanguard power behind this prolific company. However it is also evident that his lifestyle has been marred by marital scandals, which have resulted into various separations that have led to impeccable divorces. His innovative strategies have witnessed an incredible achievement of the Play boy Magazine and their fabulous life at large. Hefner is perhaps the first magazine to become rise and led a celebrity lifestyle. He was once arrested in Chicago in 1963, Illinois for being in possession of indecent photos of one of the movie actress Jayne Mansfield. By 1971 he developed a famous Playboy castle in Los Angeles. He also served in the U.S Army in WW11 after graduating Steinmetz. Peter Gregory (2005). Heffner was coupled with the indecisions for identifying the brand name; he was torn between Stag Party and Play boy. But through a collective reflected that hinged on the fabulous lifestyle and the exorbitant celebrity kind of a culture, Play boy had to outrun every suggestive brand name. Hefner's vision was centered on elevating the Play boy magazine to enjoy and champion the popular rule as the people's favorite series in America and even on global dimensions. Most of his competitors include esquire a magazine company that he worked with before, Merrion D.S (1997). Hefner is trying to create his Company had to contemplate about the trademark symbol, at first he thought a smoking jacket would do, but unfortunately he received an objection from the Stag Magazine lawyer that warned his against infringement. Playboy Enterprises (2000) while relaxing with his wife and colleagues, his wife suggested the Playboy thing; the rabbit drawing was likewise introduced on the second cover of th e page that reflected the beauty and glory of chic eyes if not a bikini knot. Jennifer White (2003) Although Hefner's wife at first thought that this Playboy acronym wouldn't hit the markets, the incorporation of the Rabbit symbol and the name blended to become a world famous. But owing to the financial constraints during his first experiences with the company, Hefner had to look out for a state of the deceptive art to promote his magazine. But since the 3-D and comic books were so myriad and popular at the same time, Hefner did a nude pictorial in a 3-D, inscribing those little glasses in every issue although expensive it was, at that time. I discovered that the Marilyn Monroe calendar-which everyone had heard about but nobody had seen-was owned by the John Baumgarth Calendar Co. out on the West Side of Chicago, very close to where I had grown up. But he thought of Marilyn Monroe, a Hollywood celebrity, and immediate conceived the potential of Monroe's nude photograph on his first issue. Playboy Enterprises (2000) Marilyn Monroe was the centerfold in the first issue of his playboy Magazine n December 1953. This issue featured as the only one to name its playmate 'Sweetheart of the Month'. In 1965 issue, playboy Magazine featured the first African-American centerfold. Peter Gregory (2005). Genesis to Opulence Playboy's sensational hit on the market was evident that time Hefner imported a nude photograph of actress Marilyn Monroe that he purchased. Since at this time Monroe was a star with the Hollywood moviemakers, so Hefner employed strategy of using his photography to

Universal Healthcare in the United States Essay

Universal Healthcare in the United States - Essay Example This paper argues that the universal health care system would be beneficial for the United States. The statement passed by Institute of Medicine is the US is the only developed nation that does not provide universal health care system. In United States, around 84% of citizens have some form of health insurance, either through their employers, purchased individually or provided by government programs. Some publicly funded health care programs are provided for the elderly, disable, children and poor and federal law mandates public access to emergency services1. The US government schemes reported for over 45% health care expenses. This makes US government the largest insurer in the nation. Based on health care expenditure, The US government has been placed in the top ten highest spenders among the United Nations member countries in 2004. Still more than 16% of population in America is without health insurance2. The health insurance costs are increasing faster than wages and medical bills, leading to personal bankruptcy in the United States. The lack of health care for all America is fundamental moral issue. In order to understand universal health care we need to understand its concept. It is a broad concept that can be applied in many ways. Universal health care is the form of health care benefit that is provided by the government. The government introduces varieties of programs aimed at promoting the right of admittance to the public to health care as much as possible. Many countries apply universal health care through lawmaking, regulatio n and through taxes. Some of the costs are paid by the patients but later they are reduced in taxation and paid to the patient. There is a need of universal health care system in United States of America. A single paying system operated by the government will help save on bureaucracy and investor profits. In this way

MD3 Assignment 1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

MD3 Assignment 1 - Essay Example He is audible and this is proved by the fact that the audience respond to the speech by clapping and cheering when he talks about an important point. He maintains eye contact with the audience during the speech, and pauses he makes while delivering his speech and his vocal expressions are excellent. He makes use of gestures and facial expressions to deliver his message of pain that he feels because of the discrimination directed to the black society. His introduction is excellent as he explains the main points he is going to deliver during the speech, which is discrimination against the black people. His main points are easily identifiable as he raises his tone while delivering the main points of his discussion and pauses to get a reaction of the audience. The speech is properly organized as it starts with the main idea then it is followed by complaints or the current situation and finally ends with what has to be done to ensure that all prejudice against the black people is eliminated in the American society. He uses supportive evidence by naming states where racism has been practiced and concludes that he has a dream that one day everyone will be able to work together as brothers irrespective of skin color. It is evident that the speech is received well by the audience since they respond by cheering and clapping throughout the speech. By doing this exercise I have learnt that a speech has to be arranged chronologically and presented in a way that the audiences are able to digest the message being passed. I have learnt that the speed of delivering a speech needs to be at a rate that the audience will be able to relate and join in so that delivery is

Arab News Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Arab News - Essay Example "Traditional rule in the emirates generally has been patriarchal, with political allegiance defined in terms of loyalty to the tribal leaders. Political leaders in the emirates are not elected, but citizens may express their concerns directly to their leaders via traditional mechanisms, such as the open majlis, or council" (Country Reports on Human Rights Practices, 2001).According to the Constitution, Federal Supreme Council consists of the seven emirate leaders, which means, all regions have approximately equal access to legislative process. The Council elects President and Vice President directly among its members, and President is entitled to select Cabinet and Prime Minister. In spite of the well-known fact that emirate leaders normally meet in informal settings, the Constitution obliges them to assemble annually and determine legislation, country budget and further social policy. The Cabinet controls and manages the Federation on a daily basis, and the Federal National Council, the major advisory body, constitute a link between the Council and the Cabinet, as FNC officials are expected to provide consulting services to emirate leaders and make queries to the Cabinet, even though FNC has no legislative rights. Every region maintains control over its oil and mineral resources, local economic issues, inter-emirate trade and some aspects of local and regional security. The central Government declares dominance in terms of international affairs, defense strategies, and progressively more in terms of law and the provision of certain government services to population (bbc.co.uk, 2006). Judicial branch in UAE is mostly independent, but the court system is subordinated and in some sense managed by the federal Government, in particular, international cases and all events and crimes, associated with terrorism. Policing in United Arab Emirates is comparatively independent, since each region has its own internal police force, but they all are accountable to hierarchically vertically higher structures. The federation supports the establishment of free commerce and has market economy, basically maintained by oil and natural gas trade as well as light industry, like textiles and garments manufacturing. Abu Dhabi, the largest emirate is economic and political center, as the majority of petrol production businesses are situated in this region. The Emirate of Dubai is likewise an oil producer, as well as a growing financial and commercial center in the Gulf. "The remaining five emirates have negligible petroleum or other resources and therefore depend in varying degrees on federal government subsidies, particularly for basic services such as health care, electricity, water, and education. The economy provides citizens with a high per capita income, but it is heavily dependent on foreign workers, who constitute at least 80 percent of the general population" (Country Reports on Human Rights Practices, 2001). Human rights in UAE are respected, but in fact not realized completely. For instance, there are some biases at governmental level, which support patriarchate and male domination, and correspondingly, there are almost no business or educational newspapers, intended for women. Furthermore, the Government rejects the citizens' right to change or elect authorities, and the press and television still omit or avoid direct criticism of authorities, as the most popular and available newspapers are government-oriented

Dear Phyllis Essay Example for Free

Dear Phyllis Essay Im writing to you to say goodbye. Im in the prison now. I am sad to say Ill be executed tomorrow because I escaped from the camp. I know you will feel so sad and miserable. But I hope you do not to feel too unhappy. Being shot is the same as letting me successfully escape that hateful camp, hateful country. However, its to be regretted that I will let my mother be alone again. Im so sorry about that I couldnt go back to Germany; that I cant look after her in the future. My death will regret by her. And much to my regret let Christoph die accompany me. Phyllis, my beloved, I despaired when you decided not to go with me and had changed your mind when I met you on the highway at that night. Im not sure why my beloved so easily changed her mind. I think you have your reasons. Anyway, I think you must be anxious to know why we have been captured. We according to our plan and with two other comrades had sailed in safety across the channel. But mistaking our bearings we steered into Jersey, think that the island was the French coast. Unfortunately, we were perceived in that island, and they delivered up to the authorities. The death punishment is being reserved for Christoph and me; the sentence for two was accordingly commuted to flogging because we interceded for them when we were captured. I know I will be dead tomorrow, but I will remember you and love you forever. You are always my beloved, you all be always in my mind. At least I hope you wouldnt feel too broken heart when I die. Dont blame yourself. Forget me, live happily and well in the future. Goodbye! My beloved. Love from Matthaus Tina

Strengths And Weaknesses In Terms Of Democratization Sociology Essay

Strengths And Weaknesses In Terms Of Democratization Sociology Essay In terms of potential harm and violence that ethnic nationalism and primordialism might bring, I have many things to say. First of all, let me clarify the perspective of ethnic nationalism and primordialism a bit more; these perspectives establish the identity (both ethnic and national) as fixed and non-changeable characteristics that are determined at birth and that does not change according to ones own beliefs or actions. As a result of these pre-determined ethnic and national identities, distinct identities are formed as counter groups such as others and us, whereas others are the evil and us is the good. Such a labeling does not leave any room for others since they are belong to different ethnicities. The roots of these fixed identities lie beneath primordialism because primordialism sees these identities as ancient and unchangeable. As a result of this formation of identities and labeling, which are nor changeable neither adaptable and which created others and us, fear arises. According to this view, others are different and bad and we (as us) have to protect ourselves from the possible violence that might come from the surroundings. This creates a vicious circle where every group fears the others and because the other is always us for another group, thus, every group is in fact afraid of every other group. Since the solution comes from the elimination of this fear by eliminating the others, things can go very violent. Many examples from the history can be given for the violence that ethnic nationalism and primordialism had so far caused; Rwanda Genocide of 1994, Nigerian Civil War of 1967 and genocide of Bosnian Muslims are just three examples. For example in Rwanda, the incompetence and failure of two groups to live together caused around 800,000 Africans to die. From this point of view, they are Hutus and Tut sis who were fighting and killing each other but on the other hand they share the same identity by being Africans. My motive for mentioning this is to exemplify the abstractness of the concept of being Hutu or Tutsi (or having an ethnic identity); the real murderer and butcher behind this violence was their approach to ethnic identities. The book (Heywood, 162) mentions the formation of these identities from the perspective of social constructivists. According to social constructivists critique on fixed ethnic and national identities of primordialism, sense of national belonging is constructed through political and social processes, thus, social constructivists suggest that nations in fact do not create nationalism, they say that nations themselves are actually fashioned by nationalism. Primordialist view generally leans over culture and linguistics and not on biological factors such as race because primordialists do not want to be seen as justifiers of violence arising from racial/ethnic differences. Considering that these supposedly logical theories and ideas had caused Holocaust, it is understandable that primordialists want to stay away from the biological elements. Another problem with primordialism is the paradox in defining ethnicity. If we accept the ethnicity to be really primordial then we also accept that we cannot change it but this is not correct. Through generations the ethnic identities may change. For example once-African people in America, now call themselves American or Afro-American. They accept both of these ethnic identities. It was possible for them to adapt to the culture and identity of America, thus their ethnic identity has changed. Also in certain parts of the world where the local cultures were changed by colonization and blended with the culture of colonizers to some extent and led to the creation of new ethnic identities. Primordialism cannot explain the specific transformations and the reasons of how some changes occur. Primordialism also fails to identify or explain the issue of multi-ethnic identities, such as in United States, Afro-Americans etc. There are people who say that they are multiracial and that they carry multiple ethnic identities. Furthermore, it is virtually impossible to determine whether or not the ethnic identities are primordial. According to socio-biologists, the sense of primordialism is derived from the common genes. If they were to be correct, then we can say that this primordial sense coming from the transfer of genes is the real reason underlying the ethnic identities. In this sense, we would have to assume that ethnic identities depend on senses and feelings (emotion) and that they are not really primordial. To a certain degree, one can have a patriotic view and at the same time a critical view of nationalism. One can suggest and support the protection/preservation of diversity in terms of culture, language and ethnicity because in a world in which even these diversities are globalized different perspectives and looks on the world would slowly fade away and a useless solidarity that would hinder or slow the pace of development would come into question. One can say that, these different things, diversities, should be practiced privately and not in public sphere. Well if we think the international arena as the public sphere then the area within the countries is a private sphere for the beliefs, culture and language etc. of the countries. I too believe that this area should be preserved no matter what. Difference and diversity is good in my opinion. I believe we can appreciate our own countries and cultures values in a defensive patriotic sense and at the same time be aware of the negative impacts of overly-patriotic behavior. In a sense, if I am overly patriotic, a fanatic, I may even want the world to belong to Turkey and to be Turkish. But then, if that ever happened, the world would be globalized and the diversities of the world would have vanished just as some people, for example some liberals would have wanted. 4. In a 1-3 page essay, please describe the liberal ideal of nationalism, and explain its strengths and weaknesses in terms of democratization (tolerance, open public sphere, diversity) and its power to command loyalty. Do you think Turkish nationalism tends more to civic nationalism or to ethnic nationalism? What are the reasons for your opinion?   Liberal ideal of nationalism is built around the view of nationalism as a liberating force. According to liberal ideal of nationalism, the important factor in formation of nations is shared political alliances. The perspective of this view suggests that nations are civic entities and nation-states are formed around political alliances. Contrary to the fixed identity of nations, which idea suggested by ethnic nationalists, liberal nationalists see the citizenship as open and volunteristic. Also, liberal nationalism is associated with civic nationalism. Liberal nationalists believe that having a world that consists of individual nation-states is really important as well as they pay very much importance on the existence of sovereign statehood. From the liberal ideal of nationalism, nationalism and internationalism are complementary ideologies as mentioned by Heywood. According to liberal view, in a world consisting of independent nation-states there would be concordance and peace. The r eason behind this belief of liberal nationalists lies beneath the belief that the respect paid by nation-states to the rights and freedom of others would be more, at such a degree that prevents wars. In terms of democratization, liberal view of nationalism suggests that the nationalism is consistent with tolerance, diversity and freedom. Liberal view argue that nationalism can be intolerant in nature only if the nation is described on the basis of ethnic and racial terms (in other words, by the values that are propounded by ethnic nationalists). On the other hand, counter arguments criticize every kind of nationalism for being intolerant in nature because nationalism fundamentally creates others and us. Critiques suggest that tolerance is not achievable in nationalism because there is a threat when there are others. In terms of diversity, liberals pay respect for ethnic differences and suggest that nationalism is consistent with diversity (at a certain degree). Liberals see that there is harmony between civic unity and diversity in the nation. However, they also suggest that the harmony is achievable if diversity is excluded from the public sphere. In other words, they believe th at diversity should be confined to the private sphere, meaning that cultural, moral and lifestyle differences should be within the private sphere. The public sphere is seen as a realm for integration. The unity in the public sphere is formed by shared political and civic allegiances. On the other hand, today, many nations are established around shared cultural, ethnic, regional values, common location and language. These values, which reflect the ethnic nationalism, are usually associated with deep sense of belonging to ones nation and culture. It is questionable if political and civic allegiances create a strong belonging to ones own nation. As is mentioned in the text, ethnicity, language and other cultural values are seen as values bounding people to their nation as well as each other. Therefore, political and civic allegiances might not establish the same connection in the society as much as shared history and ethnicity can establish. In terms of Turkish nationalism, I feel free to identify it as ethnic nationalism because it shares the same characteristics with ethnic nationalism. Ethnic nationalism is described basically by being deep-rooted in ethnic unity and deep sense of cultural and national belonging. When we think of Turkey, simply the people calling themselves as Turks, they identify themselves as people living in Turkey (certain location/territory), speaking Turkish (common language), and sharing same history (common descent). Given these characteristics of Turkish nationalism and because it has a fixed identity, Turkish nationalism tends towards ethnic nationalism. To exemplify how ethnic nationalism is supported in Turkey, I wrote the Turkish Oath (AndÄ ±mÄ ±z in Turkish) as an example.